The role of the human microbiome in schizophrenia remains largely unexplored. The microbiome has been shown to alter brain development and modulate behavior and cognition in animals through gut-brain connections, and research in humans suggests that it may be a modulating factor in many disorders. This study reports findings from a shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome in 16 individuals with schizophrenia and 16 controls. High-level differences were evident at both the phylum and genus levels, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria dominating both schizophrenia patients and controls, and Ascomycota being more abundant in schizophrenia patients than controls. Controls were richer in species but less even in their distributions, i.e., dominated by fewer species, as opposed to schizophrenia patients. Lactic acid bacteria were relatively more abundant in schizophrenia, including species of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium, which have been shown to modulate chronic inflammation. We also found Eubacterium halii, a lactate-utilizing species. Functionally, the microbiome of schizophrenia patients was characterized by an increased number of metabolic pathways related to metabolite transport systems including siderophores, glutamate, and vitamin B12. In contrast, carbohydrate and lipid pathways and energy metabolism were abundant in controls. These findings suggest that the oropharyngeal microbiome in individuals with schizophrenia is significantly different compared to controls, and that particular microbial species and metabolic pathways differentiate both groups. Confirmation of these findings in larger and more diverse samples, e.g., gut microbiome, will contribute to elucidating potential links between schizophrenia and the human microbiota.
Concerning the relationships between genes, risk factors and immunity in Alzheimer's disease, Autism, Bipolar disorder , multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and chronic fatigue
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- ADHD genes and risk factors
- Alzheimer's disease genes and risk factors
- Anorexia Genes and risk factors
- Alzheimer's genes and Herpes simplex
- Autism genes and risk factors
- Bipolar disorder genes and risk factors
- Bornavirus/host interactome
- Borrelia burgdorferi interactome
- Chlamydia pneumoniae interactome
- Helicobacter Pylori host/pathogen interactome
- Herpes simplex host/pathogen interactome
- P.Gingivalis interactome
- T.Gondii: Host/pathogen interactome
- BOOKSTORE
- Childhood Obesity genes and risk factors
- Chronic Fatigue genes and risk factors
- Depression genes and risk factors
- Multiple sclerosis Genes and risk factors
- Parkinson's disease Genes and risk factors
- Pathways in disease (KEGG)
- Schizophrenia Genes and risk factors
- The Microbiome in disease
- Google Scholar
- Cpr/Aed Online Training Certification AHA&ECC Certified
- ACLS Online Certification
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