Autoimmune response mechanisms have been observed in a number of CNS disorders involving multiple sclerosis (MS), paraneoplastic syndromes, brain trauma, and dementia-related disorders . A number of neurological disorders are associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption or increased permeability observed in Alzheimer disease (AD), stroke, TBI, and schizophrenia . Injury to the BBB such as in brain injury may lead to the release of intracellular proteins either intact or proteolytic fragments from protease activation into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood stream. The leakage of such entities into the circulation may lead to the formation of autoantibodies that have been defined as brain-reactive antibodies that recognize self- (auto-) antigens i.e., an antigen that is normally found in a subject tissue or cell or organelles.
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