Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization.

Compared to healthy individuals, celiac disease patients seemed to be characterized by higher numbers of Gram-negative bacteria and lower numbers of Gram-positive bacteria. Some molecules (e.g., ethyl-acetate and octyl-acetate, some short chain fatty acids and free amino acids, and glutamine) seems to be metabolic signatures of celiac disease.